Polymerization is a chemical reaction in which monomers (small molecules) are combined to form a polymer (a large molecule). This process involves the formation of covalent bonds between the monomers, resulting in a chain-like structure with repeating units.
Polymerization can occur through a variety of mechanisms, including addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. In addition polymerization, the monomers are joined together through a series of chemical reactions that add one monomer at a time to the growing polymer chain. This process typically requires the use of a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Examples of addition polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene.
Condensation polymerization, on the other hand, involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water or alcohol, as the monomers combine to form the polymer. This process typically requires two different types of monomers, each with a reactive group that can form a covalent bond with the other. Examples of condensation polymers include nylon, polyester, and polyurethane.
Polymerization is used in a wide range of applications, including the production of plastics, fibers, adhesives, coatings, and other materials. The properties of the resulting polymer can be tailored by adjusting the type and amount of monomers used, as well as the conditions of the polymerization reaction.